>Valve Corp, owner of the world’s largest video game distribution platform “Steam”, plans to fight EU antitrust charges of preventing cross-border trade, unlike five video game publishers which plan to settle the case, people familiar with the matter said. >Valve and video game makers Bandai Namco, Capcom, Focus Home, Koch Media and U.S. peer ZeniMax have been the target of a European Commission investigation since 2017. >The EU competition enforcer in April charged the six companies with preventing EU consumers from shopping around for the best video game deals within the 28-country bloc. >It said the companies agreed to use geo-blocking activation keys to prevent consumers in one EU country from buying cheaper versions of a game in another EU country. >The Commission, which wants to scrap cross-border curbs on online trade in the bloc, also charged the five publishers of preventing other distributors from selling video games outside their allocated territories. >Valve is fighting the charge and is likely to ask for a closed-door hearing to argue its case before senior competition officials from the Commission and national watchdogs, the people said. >Under EU antitrust rules for settlements, companies admit wrongdoing in return for a 10 percent cut in their fines. >Valve and Focus Home did not respond to requests for comments. >Valve in its April statement on the EU charges said the region locks applied to only 3 percent of all games using its Steam platform and that it turned off the locks in Europe in 2015. >The Commission, which can fine companies up to 10 percent of their turnover for breaching EU antitrust rules, declined to comment. >Japanese company Capcom said it could not provide any further comment until the Commission issues a decision. >Bandai Namco said: “It is BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Europe’s company policy to not comment on any ongoing legal matters.”
>russia >move This nigga doesn't know what the EU or the schengen area are.
Camden Martinez
Russia is not in the EU retard. This is about internal inconsistencies based on pretty much your IP address.
Of cource when it comes to taxation I bet valve has no problem treating all of it as a single market with its subsidiary based in a tax haven (the famous gaming industry of Luxembourg)
It either is or it isnt a single market, pick one.
Carter Young
Should Valve lose I can see them simply ditching regional pricing altogether. Once again the EU shows how little they understand of all the shit they talk about.
Aiden Bennett
Tim would never do something like this.
Thomas Miller
EU is not retarded.
Chase Wilson
Yeh but they clearly meant Russia, which isn't even in the EU.
Jaxson Sullivan
>Valve in its April statement on the EU charges said the region locks applied to only 3 percent of all games using its Steam platform Oh man, this is some good lawyering by Valve here. Toss out that "3% of all games" figure without mentioning that thousands upon thousands of shovelware titles are released on your platform yearly.
Easton Evans
Its ok. Soon Valve will be able to charge Austalian prices in the UK, hohoho.
Joseph Adams
Based Gaben Fuck the EU
Kevin Ramirez
If game banned in Germany==>game should be banned in EU?
Dylan Evans
>They clearly meant Russia What the fuck even gives you that idea? No, they didn't clearly mean Russia, their problem were the games that are region locked within the EEA.
Asher Gutierrez
If only they ditched regional prices entirely, I'd love to be able to buy games for the equivalent of $60 instead of 70€.
Luis Smith
It's called a pro-gamer move opening the floodgates to the autistic indie devs finally came in handy.
Caleb Howard
>regional prices *cries in hungarian*
Ian Cooper
Erm, it is.
Mason Lopez
Erm, it is.
Jeremiah Gray
No, no. Germany goes to the EU to have games banned europwide without having any laws or regulations for determining what games should be banned and no transparency in the process. Only law will be that all member nations must obey EU decisions.
Nathaniel Robinson
>new video games used to be 40 Euros in Croatia (was just a few years ago, maybe before we joined EU) >only console games used to be really expensive >console games were about 65-70 Euros >now PC games are 70 Euros >all of these prices were in the Croatian currency I just converted to Euros >it's cheaper for me to buy a game directly in Euros either digitally or order it physically from somewhere else within the EU than it is to buy in Croatia
based EU economically hampering my country
Colton Adams
Why dont those europeans just merge into one totalitarian country already?
Elijah Morales
Because then they can't pretend EU dictatorship has a democratic mandate.
Christopher Gray
i'm Dutch and i buy digitally from the USA. 60 dollars vs 70 Euro's. We are really being ripped off either way
Sebastian Miller
>fighting to obtain literal legal acknowledgement that they're not a monopoly based Gabe
Brody Green
I just don't understand why on average I'm paying MORE than someone in France or Germany when I earn LESS than someone in either of those two countries. Certain prices have become ludicrous since joining the EU. I don't see the benefits. I don't need a worker's visa to leave? Is that it? Jesus fucking Christ.
Isaiah Sullivan
Prices aren't determined by what you earn
Wyatt Jones
EZ VESZÉLYES!
Chase Nelson
That's not what this is about. Valve is simply violating EU law by selling in the EU but not adhering to the common market rules. The main fucking point of the EU is it's a common market. They are going to lose this case and they are the only ones stupid enough to waste money on trying to fight it. Why do you think every other party settled? Valve always fights these cases and they always lose. They are so fucking dumb. The law is the law, they aren't going to be allowed to ignore it.
Hunter Hughes
Fucking stupid eurotrash
Justin Morgan
>regional pricing Never heard of it since the EU2 region got merged with EU1. In ČR we just pay western prices in Euro even though we don't use that faggy currency. Piracy as always is the best option if you don't want to get fucked by EU and jewish publishers.
Hunter Wood
gay jews
Bentley Lopez
>3 percent of all games >not 3 percent of all games sold That is pretty sneaky
Elijah Bailey
have sex
Leo Ortiz
The EU is based. I hope they fuck Valve in the ass.
Grayson Cox
Nigga I ain't paying US$60 for games I can get for 1999 RUB, screw off
Blake Baker
>Czechs still have Euro on Steam What
Brayden Fisher
This is fucking retarded. You'd have to be a retard to join EU when they literally say "we're keeping the status quo by refusing poor nations to give better deals to others outside that nation"
Michael Long
This is fucking retarded. You'd have to be a retard to join EU when they literally say "we're keeping the status quo by refusing poor nations to give better deals to others outside that nation"
Easton Jenkins
How the flying fuck is the EU's problem?
If anything, this show that Valve didn't even bother to make a specialised version/payment option for YOUR faggy currency, because it literally matters that little.
Justin Ross
Australia only got AUD in November 2018
Angel Phillips
This is fucking retarded. You'd have to be a retard to join EU when they literally say "we're keeping the status quo by refusing poor nations to give better deals to others outside that nation"
Nathan Gray
Seriously fuck Gabe, Valve and Steam. They've been subsisting purely off % cuts of other peoples work for 12 years now while creating literally nothing 1st party
Lucas King
Try cut down the seething and the salt if you dont even know what's going on, faggot
Jason Kelly
Based EU. Just because you're poor doesn't mean you should get the same product cheaper than a rich person.
Nathaniel Kelly
I hope they fuck Epic next, once they are finished with Valve or simply start suing Epic too.
Justin Bailey
>other companies already folded under the EU >valve is clearly breaking EU law >already earns a bazillion dollars through Steam >Valve not being the bad guys here
Looking forward to them getting wrecked.
Jordan Hernandez
That's what this case is about. They want you to be able to shop around as there's supposed to be free trade.
Christian Evans
if EU wants to become one country with a bunch of states just do it, retarded yuropoors
Chase Cox
EU are the bad guys for enforcing a law that hurts consumers
Daniel Gomez
This is why the EU can suck a dick. There's barely any games that offer regional pricing for the Eastern Bloc (Dishonored is the only region locked game I have iirc) and they want to take that away even. I make 900 Euros a month and that's about average for my country, spending €60 on games on a regular basis is out of the question for me. I don't get the reasons for it either. Wasn't the EU the first to say that computer software is a product? If Coca-Cola can charge whatever they want for their product in every country, why can't vidya publishers?
Worst of all, the cunts even have the gall to frame this as a customer rights issue.
Dominic Evans
>free trade banning regional price and product differentiation is not free trade. It's the opposite of free trade
Joseph Bennett
>The EU is a big group of nations >Except each nation has its own market and its own price >Even though most use the same currency >trading between the nations in the EU is verboten >Valve is the bad guy for trying to enable EU customers to shop at cheaper prices
Justin Hill
>NO NO NO NO!!!!!!! THE CUSTOMER IS NOT ALLOWED TO GET A BETTER DEAL!!!!
Samuel King
they're selling games (very few of them, i might add) at lower prices in low income countries how does that make them bad guys?
Brody Reyes
That's what this case is about. They want you to be able to shop around as there's supposed to be free trade.
Hudson Davis
Luxembourg here, we truly have the best industries
Wyatt Price
isn't this old news? i rememeber reading about this earlier where it was the game companies making region locked keys and valve itself removed the locks like 5 years ago.
Jayden Anderson
>>trading between the nations in the EU is verboten ?
Luis Miller
so why cant I buy cheap russian game like how I can buy cheap russian alcohol?
Jayden Thomas
>If Coca-Cola can charge whatever they want for their product in every country, why can't vidya publishers? There's nothing to stop you from buying coke from those other countries. This is Valve digitally stopping you from doing that. That's why it's illegal. The problem is not regional pricing, it's that Valve doesn't allow cross region trade within the EU and that's the whole point of the EU. The EU is not telling Valve they have to charge everyone the same price, they are saying stop blocking trade within our common market.
Justin Hughes
Some people think legal = good, illegal = bad.
Grayson Morgan
Can you read, you inbred shitlord?
>It said the companies agreed to use geo-blocking activation keys to prevent consumers in one EU country from buying cheaper versions of a game in another EU country.
It's literally pro consumer.
Connor Sanders
nice reddit spacing how come i go to an Aldi in Poland and they have a lower price for the exact same product than the German Aldi 50 kilometers away and the EU does not lose its shit over it?
Asher Thompson
>trading between the nations in the EU is verboten wut The point of the fine is the keys are geolocked, not that the price is lowered.
Samuel Scott
What do you mean by this? Games on Steam are cheaper for me. (I don't even buy new games on Steam it's either GMG or Fanatical) And since games on Steam are cheaper for me their prices are in Euros and the local Croatian stores are in HRK so I literally NEVER buy local or even physical.
I've seen nothing but price increases since entering the EU and from what I understand of this they're making it so that if a game is sold in a specific (poorer) EU country then that country's keys MUST be able to be activated by any individual from any other EU country which will result in what? The removal of country/region-specific keys?
Josiah Gutierrez
>preventing people from being able to buy cheaper versions sold in another country part of the EU like your country is a pro-consumer move God damn these commie shills are retarded
Owen Evans
You can't block EU customers from buying the same product in another EU country If this goes through then you'll see the end of lower prices for your country, since otherwise everyone would be buying them there and volvo would lose out on funcurrency. Rather just get less sales in those comparatively smaller markets
Leo Collins
Because you are free to drive to the Polish Aldi and buy there if you wish, retard. Valve is figuratively stopping you at the border and preventing you from doing so.
Hunter Nguyen
Except "preventing people from being able to buy cheaper versions sold in another country" is what Valve does. This is why the EU is suing them. You got it completely backwards.
Brandon Walker
You do know that's what Valve is doing, right? Not the EU. The EU is trying to stop Valve from doing that.
Lincoln Smith
you're free to move to Poland or Croatia for cheaper games too
Kayden Parker
It’s cause valve is one of the few libertarian companies out there. They will fight all government laws for the good of everyone.
Eli Long
my eu country keeps trying to block me from buying alcohol from other eu countries, most of it gets lost in customs
Gavin Harris
The EU wants to harmonize and open up the market internally and stop companies that prevent people from country A to buy digital goods from country B.
This is good stuff and I expect them to crush Valve unless they comply.
Logan Williams
>valve removed locks years ago >5 companies still managed to create geo blocked keys welp somebody forget to click a button somewhere in the dev tools that let bamco, zenimax, etc. still create these keys.
Hudson Bailey
Except Washington state's obscenity laws.
Lincoln Thompson
Except that the removal of region locks would end up raising the prices because publishers will want to avoid price arbitrage.
Hunter Hernandez
>for the good of everyone You mean for the good of themselves. Since when is fighting against a refund option, for example, good for everyone? For fuck's sake, Valve even fought against having to provide a fucking phone number that their customers can call when they have a problem. They are the greediest and laziest fucks on the planet. They are not the good guys.
Asher Martin
>for the good of everyone Wow, you brainless drones are truly something else.
Michael Young
>Poland has cheap games What the fuck are you on You pay four times more than in dollars
Alexander Kelly
>the queen btfo yuropoors It's so close lads, I can taste the freedom
Jaxson Rivera
Bro, games in Croatia aren't cheaper. In fact, they more expensive than in Germany or France and whatever the EU is doing with Valve right now will likely not change anything or result in a price increase in Croatia.
Cooper Clark
>Poorer country gets cheaper versions >Suddenly EU stops Valve from region locking >Now everybody can buy cheaper shit from the poorer countries >Valve has to increase the prices or even normalize them completely so that they can stay afloat >Cheaper prices are gone for everybody >poorfags in poor countries can no longer afford games, while the EU looks for other valuable shit to destroy Like I said, you commie shills really are fucking retarded
James Sullivan
>Libertarian >Supports region-locking prices
Andrew Ward
it mostly applies to eastern bloc which is a piratecentral anyways, countries with monthly wages of 300-500 euros
Jeremiah Thomas
>you're free to move to Poland or Croatia for cheaper games too You obviously have no clue how this works, why do you keep posting?
I can't tell if you're a shitposter or a brainless zoomer.
Jaxson Wright
>NOO CZECHIANS CAN'T BUY LANDWIRTSCHAFTSHUBSCHRAUBERSIMULATOR 2017 CHEAPER THAN US DAS IS ILLEGAL This is how petty Germans are. Point at them and laugh.
I hope EU wins and valve goes bankrupt, subhuman kike trash
Jeremiah Long
explain how he's wrong
Mason Johnson
using a positive sounding word doesn't make it any better EU is trying to bone the Eastern Bloc over some shitty pretense again
Ian Ross
In the end, it's always Germany against the Jews... Who wrote this script?
Jayden Reyes
>Why does region locking even exist?
>You may wonder why publishers would want to region lock a game, and the answer is economics. While the EEA is a single market, its member countries vary widely in terms of their GDP per capita.
>Germany has a GDP per capita of $47,000, according to CountryEconomy.com. Bulgaria, meanwhile, has a GDP per capita of $9,000. And Germany is not even in the top 10 of GDP per capita in the EU. Norway, which in No. 3, has a GDP per capita of $82,000. That is nine times the GDP produced per person in Bulgaria.
>For comparison, Massachusetts had the highest GDP per capita of all U.S. states in 2018 at $66,000. Mississippi had the lowest at $32,000. But that gap is much closer than in the EU.
>The difference in purchasing power between a person in Bulgaria and a person in Norway creates an issue of pricing. Ideally, publishers want to sell a game for one price in Norway and a significantly lower price in Bulgaria. But the EU is prohibiting that in this situation.
Europe wants Valve to have equal prices across all European countries. This obviously doesn’t work when there are different currencies and different countries having wage gap differences. People from places with lower incomes have to pay less, but they blocked people from higher income places from abusing that.
Jayden Martinez
EU or the UN. Who's worse?
Jayden Butler
free flow of goods is one of the base principles of the EU
>the free market is bad when it benefits the consumer!!1! Shoo, shoo, Mr. Goldstein.
Isaiah Scott
UN, because that's run by mutts.
Luke White
EU shut down tunnel-services such as Tunngle. So my vote falls on EU. Absolute shitters, this is why boomers shouldn't be in charge of anything tech-related.
Adrian Evans
norway isnt even EU
Xavier Garcia
You can stop being a pedantic EU-cocksucking faggot anytime
Sebastian Lee
UN easily, the EU actually has something resembling authority.
Julian Wilson
test
Jose Gutierrez
"[insert poor EU country's name] salary and German prices" is a common saying around a bunch of EU countries for a reason, I guess at least it creates a great reason to bond with people from other countries I.
Jordan Butler
>The Kingdom of Norway is not a member state of the European Union (EU). It is associated with the Union through its membership in agreements in the European Economic Area (EEA) established in 1994
Jack Hill
UN easily, the EU doesn't have that retarded "5 speshul countries can veto everything ever" caveat that lets even small countries commit war crimes and get away with it as long as they're allied to one of the countries with that veto power.
Landon Ross
>who cares about making things affordable for the poor people?! Let them eat cake! Insufferable white inbred zoomer trash like you are why the EU needs to die
Jaxson Smith
The tyranny of good intentions is downright chilling, so the EU.
Andrew Hill
reading comprehension isn't your strong suit
Isaac Bell
It's part of the EEA. Just like Iceland and Switzerland. It's essentially in the EU for the purposes of trade and any deal that has nothing to do with trade that the EU can try to tangentially connect to trade it will try and force down on these 3 countries.
Grayson Perez
>calling someone out on stupid shit means you're a commie You're really not the sharpest tool in the shed.
Why are these united fronts always such a complete retarded clusterfuck?
Jacob Jenkins
>trading between the nations in the EU is verboten nothing to do with trading between EU nations, since the cash you spend on steam goes to valve, who are based in the US.
you dumb fucking retard corporate cuck.
Aiden Phillips
Because what I posted and he replied to isn't talking about the European Union but the EEA which Norway is a member of. How about you take your own advice and learn to read mongoloid.
Levi Cox
>completely misses the point to nitpick >n-no u! Cant expect more from zoomer scum, I guess
Wyatt Nguyen
Valve is fighting this cause they turned off any "stopping you"s or as they call them blockers in 2015 You literally can't even read a green text short version let alone the article
Are all Europeans this retarded maybe this is why valve is even having to dispute this, retards in EU can't read
Grayson Martinez
What Zerotier or hamachi or whatever still work
Ryan King
I dont fucking care where the money goes. All i want to do is what the jews do and get shit cheap
Jaxson Smith
Valve is fighting this cause they turned off any "stopping you"s or as they call them blockers in 2015 You literally can't even read a green text short version let alone the article
Are all Europeans this retarded? maybe this is why valve is even having to dispute this, retards in EU can't read
Nolan Gonzalez
Then why are you against the EU in this case when that's one of their pillars
Angel Sanchez
>pointing out how his argument fails st the very foundation due to misrepresenting simple facts means you're a commizoomer kek, but don't stop now retard, my sides are having too much fun with you.
Because it's completely centralized, out of touch leadership making decisions for places a thousand miles away from them. Imagine if you were the governor of Alaska but you lived in California. It's like that except for hundreds of places.
Austin Murphy
The EU itself might not be but the technophobe boomers who write these laws regarding the internet surely are.
Christopher Carter
the EU is so based.
you're welcome for those refunds, mutts.
Hunter Wilson
And Tunngle, Evolve and some other low-profile tunnel-services doesn't. Hamachi is still up because it's Russian, zerotier I don't know about.
Grayson Walker
>Valve is fighting this cause they turned off any "stopping you"s or as they call them blockers in 2015 The EU's claim is that Valve didn't turn it off, they just moved it somewhere else, i.e. from the store to the keys themselves.
Ian Lewis
holy fuck fix your site you dumb fucking gook
James Moore
EU doing another third world tier shakedown of tech companies because they produce nothing themselves
Sebastian Torres
How about you make a shopping cart?
Jose Foster
IT SAYS IN THE ARTICLE THEY DONT EVE HAVE REGION LOCKS ON
Jack Powell
How is it a shakedown if you an avoid it by simply not fucking geolocking peoples """property""" out?
Hunter Collins
>fails at the very foundation Alright, dumb zoomer, lets adress that, and agree pubs are the ones who decide the price of the game they ship out. Say that Valve can no longer region lock their games. Now Publishers can no longer put up affordable prices for poorfag nations as mentioned here because blacked soicucks like you have much higher purchasing power yet you can buy it for dirt cheap, thus cutting into their future profits. As a result, they will have to normalize their game prices , which results in poorfags no longer being able to buy anything, which is the main point of the argument. You know, the part you keep avoiding because you have no counter to it other than 'its about meeeeeee!'
Angel Collins
test, can I post yet?
Ayden Walker
>thinks valve region locks games >makes literally the same mistake that he made before and renders his "argument" useless >still fails to see the problem with that Keep going, retard.
I hope Valve gets fucked for trying to fight laws that benefit the consumer and destroys greedy corporations like Valve.
Ian Hernandez
>EU >retarded EU know exactly what it is doing. Valve is not censoring politically incorrect stuff enough, and that displease greatly the jews owning the EU.
Luke Peterson
Reminder that the only reason you can refund games on Steam is because of the EU.
Josiah Harris
Reminder that the only reason you can refund games on Steam is because of the EU. Why are Yea Forums sucking corporation cock so much?
Cameron Williams
Okay, guys, I don't really understand this regional pricing situation. I live in a poor Eastern European shithole, and all the prices are the same for me as for Germans, while Russians get these insanely cheap prices. Hell, I would honestly see it as a huge improvement if I could purchase software at the American prices.
Jose Miller
*Australia
Adam Phillips
Wasn't it because of Australia?
Jacob Flores
i agree, we need more open game diatribution platforms like the egs.
Owen Walker
Same thing happened to Poland. The most expensive games were from Rockstar and they were 150 PLN. Other AAA titles were 120-140 PLN. Now everything is 200-280 PLN and it's cheaper to buy in Euro/Pounds from GMG, 2game, GamesPlanet and the like than from Polish stores.
The worst jew is EA who prices games at 260 PLN yet still implements language lock and you're stuck with atrocious Polish and Russian dub.
Dominic White
It's about censored and banned games
Colton Thomas
>the eu killed flash sales Based indeed
Jaxon Howard
reminder that this is wrong and EU law won't force refunds on digital goods after you've started downloading/streaming them
Too many divergent interests and views, absolutely no visceral attachment to the group, plus the complete retardation of centralized institutions in general. Nothing spontaneous or 'organic' about them so everything has to be handled bureaucratically.
Adrian Scott
Valve doesn't region lock games, but it allowed publishers to do so. They stopped allowing that in 2015, and that's around when prices of games in Poland skyrocketed and are almost always the same as in Western EU now.
Asher Allen
are video games counted as digital content by definition it should be but its not listed so on wikipedia
Chase Lewis
They're not banning regional pricing, they're banning region locks. Does anyone on this board even read?
Aaron Mitchell
Banning region locks effectively bans regional pricing because then nothing stops people from countries with higher prices buying keys for those meant for countries with lower pricing. Though the whole debate is null since the vast majority of games cost the same in the EU no matter the country ever since ~2015. In Poland games used to be 120-150 PLN, now they're all 200-280 PLN. (60 Euro is ~260 PLN).
Elijah Parker
thats the same as banning regional pricing just like how gog banning DRM is banning new video games
Brayden Foster
I could buy Assassin's Creed Brotherhood with a figurine, Splinter Cell Conviction CE with a figurine and Splinter Cell Blacklist CE with a figurine for 150 PLN each. Now the figurine alone costs 150 PLN and the game alone is over 200 PLN.
Jaxon Phillips
>move to Russia to try and buy games at better prices Russians don't buy games. They just download them for free from the net.
William Nguyen
>png-thumbnail.jpg okay, this needs to stop
Julian Garcia
Pretty sure they are counted as software, whether digital or not, so as part of the software umbrella, if it is non-functioning or has some other issue you can get a refund or whatever.
Dominic Scott
oh yeah digital content is microtransactions like funboxes
Nicholas Russell
Not sure that's right. I mean, Valve says that when you're buying certain microtransactions, but even if you buy a lootbox; if the server falls over and you don't get anything from the lootbox, I don't think you'd just lose that money. But I think it's the same for digital content; if you pay to stream a movie or event, but half way through the feed stops, or if you don't even start the feed, you should still have consumer protections.
In fact, one time I accidentally bought a film on Amazon. I was thinking about purchasing a video, and thought it would be added to my cart or have some sort of checkout at least. But anyway it just straight up bought it instantly, so I went and got a refund straight away.
Justin Wilson
The fact that the EU has actual power is what makes them worse
Luke Flores
Well you haven't actually started streaming/downloading the movie in your later case Furthermore, these laws are just the minimum standards companies have to follow, it often makes sense to go beyond that
William Sanders
The EU needs to stop bullying companies, they have all these silly rules and regulations, which only serve to fill their greedy pockets, and put companies at a disadvantage, especially smaller starter companies. It is a corrupt bureaucracy that needs to be put to an end.
Brexit is just the beginning, soon enough the entirety of the EU will collapse.
Aiden Adams
First valve refusal of providing refunds to customer, now this. Valve is the most anti-consumer company in the gaming industry. I hope EU is going to ban them for all of their crimes
Dylan Smith
I love it when underage zoom-zooms who think communism is the big solution end up being so oblivious to their retardation
Ayden Robinson
Not surprised coming from the same people that tried to get us to pay for mods.
Owen Smith
God I hope so. I'd like to see Theresa May weasel her way out of the new deadline in october
Samuel Butler
I'd love to hear from you how making games unaffordable in poorer countries is a good thing, brainlet