>psychoanalysis is like a premade paradigm for thinking, particularly about emotions, that can then be applied to texts?
It's more like the presumption of a prestigious paradigm, before anything is actually understood about the paradigm itself. There's an analogous use of phenomenology, in that most people in the humanities who say they use "phenomenology" in their research mean something very vague, more or less that they pay attention to subjective states or emotions at all.
You can find both extremes in psychoanalysis. There are definitely books of people applying literal Freudian ideas schematically to literature for example, but there are also decades worth of articles in Diacritics where people are basically showing off that they can regurgitate structuralist and psychoanalytic jargon without actually committing to any theory (because that would be naive). Over time, the outright Freudians decline in academia, because believing anything other than social constructivism in academia makes you a positivist, which is a bad thing.
>But look, what would you recommend as a primer for this content?
Ricoeur's book is probably the most philosophically sophisticated and sympathetic you're going to get. Ricoeur famously called Nietzsche, Freud, and Marx the "school of suspicion" or the pioneers of the "hermeneutics of suspicion," another way of saying that they shifted the focus of philosophy to the unconscious, structuring preconditions of the possibility thought (rather than the conventionally accessible/visible, logical conditions of Kantian transcendentalism). On that note, the famously long intro to Derrida's Grammatology by Spivak goes into a lot of detail about Derrida's debt to Heidegger, Nietzsche, Freud, and comes down pretty heavily in favour of a reading that Heidegger's conceptual matrix was already present and even pushed farther in Nietzsche and Freud. That's about as sympathetic as you can get.
As for the historical stuff, there's no one book I can think of. I think Roudinesco writes histories of psychoanalysis. You could also look into Francois Dosse and see if he talks about psychoanalysis at all in his two-volume History of Structuralism, which is a bit of a gossip rag.
I don't even think psychoanalysis is necessarily bad, as long as you read Freud as being in the same tradition as contemporary descriptive and experimental psychology. He's worth reading, and I don't think he was dishonest. If anything his positivism is so honest that it's occasionally refreshing.
James' Principles of Psychology is maybe a good example of a very subtle and reflexive thinker? I think his later stuff is good too, but lends itself too much to kitsch vulgarizers who want to read a Deleuzian or Peircean "transcendental empiricism" into it. Maybe Wundt? Fechner? Stumpf? Even Freud's fellow travs like Janet. Just follow the thinkers connected with these ones, Freud is just one of them.